bios coreboot coreboot-images easy-to-use intel-microcode seabios thinkpad x230

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Skulls - Thinkpad X230 and X230T

Latest release

coreboot: We take coreboot's master branch at the time we build a release image.
microcode update: revision 20 from 2018-04-10 (includes mitigations for Spectre Variant 3a and 4)
SeaBIOS: version 1.12.0 from 2018-11-17

release images to choose from

We release multiple different, but very similar images you can choose from. They all should work on all versions of the X230/X230T. These are the differences; (xxxxxxxxxx stands for random characters in the filename):

x230_coreboot_seabios_xxxxxxxxxx_top.rom includes the proprietary VGA BIOS from Intel which is non-free software. It is executed in "secure" mode.
x230_coreboot_seabios_free_xxxxxxxxxx_top.rom includes the VGA BIOS SeaVGABIOS which is free software. While technically more interesting, visually this is currently not as beautiful:
- The bootspash image is not shown.
- Early boot console messages (after your HDD's bootloader has started a kernel) might be missing.

TL;DR
First-time installation
Updating
Moving to Heads
Why does this work
How to rebuild

TL;DR

run sudo ./x230_before_first_install.sh on your current X230 Linux system
Power down, remove the battery. Remove the keyboard and palmrest. Connect a hardware flasher to an external PC (or a Raspberry Pi with a SPI 8-pin chip clip can directly be used), and run sudo ./external_install_bottom.sh on the lower chip and sudo ./external_install_top.sh on the top chip of the two.
For updating later, run ./x230_skulls.sh. No need to disassemble.

And always use the latest released package. This will be tested. The git master branch is not meant to be stable. Use it for testing only.

First-time installation

before you begin

Before starting, run Linux on your X230, install dmidecode and run sudo ./x230_before_first_install.sh. It simply prints system information and helps you to be up to date. Also make sure you have the latest skulls-x230 package release by running ./upgrade.sh.

original BIOS update / EC firmware (optional)

Before flashing coreboot, consider doing one original Lenovo upgrade process in case you're not running the latest version. This is not supported anymore, once you're running coreboot (You'd have to manually flash back your backup images first, see later chapters).

Also, this updates the BIOS and Embedded Controller (EC) firmware. The EC is not updated anymore, when running coreboot. The latest EC version is 1.14 and that's unlikely to change.

In case you're not running the latest BIOS version, either

use the latest original CD and burn it, or
use the same, only with a patched EC firmware that allows using any aftermarket-battery: By default, only original Lenovo batteries are allowed. Thanks to this project we can use Lenovo's bootable upgrade image, change it and create a bootable USB image, with an EC update that allows us to use any 3rd party aftermarket battery:
```
  sudo apt-get install build-essential git mtools libssl-dev
  git clone https://github.com/hamishcoleman/thinkpad-ec && cd thinkpad-ec
  make patch_disable_keyboard clean
  make patch_enable_battery clean
  make patched.x230.img
```

That's it. You can create a bootable USB stick: sudo dd if=patched.x230.img of=/dev/sdx and boot from it. Alternatively, burn patched.x230.iso to a CD. And make sure you have "legacy" boot set, not "UEFI" boot.

preparation: required hardware

An 8 Pin SOIC Clip, for example from Pomona electronics (for availability, check aliexpress or elsewhere) or alternatively hooks like E-Z-Hook
6 female jumper wires like these to connect the clip to a hardware flasher (if not included with the clip)
a hardware flasher supported by flashrom, see below for the examples we support

open up the X230

Remove the 7 screws of your X230 to remove the keyboard (by pushing it towards the screen before lifting) and the palmrest. You'll find the chips using the photo below. This is how the SPI connection looks like on both of the X230's chips:

    Screen (furthest from you)
             ______
      MOSI  5 --|      |-- 4  GND
       CLK  6 --|      |-- 3  N/C
       N/C  7 --|      |-- 2  MISO
       VCC  8 --|______|-- 1  CS

       Edge (closest to you)

... choose one of the following supported flashing hardware examples:

Hardware Example: Raspberry Pi 3

A Raspberry Pi can directly be a flasher through it's I/O pins, see below. Use a test clip or hooks, see required hardware.

On the RPi we run Raspbian and have the following setup:

Connect to the console: Either
- connect a screen and a keyboard, or
- Use the Serial connection using a USB-to-serial cable (like Adafruit 954, FTDI TTL-232R-RPI or others) and picocom (picocom -b 115200 /dev/ttyUSB0) or minicom
in the SD Cards's /boot/config.txt file enable_uart=1 and dtparam=spi=on
For flashrom we put spi_bcm2835 and spidev in /etc/modules
Connect to a wifi or ethernet to sudo apt-get install flashrom

connect the Clip to the Raspberry Pi 3 (there are prettier images too):

     Edge of pi (furthest from you)
                 (UART)
   L           GND TX  RX                           CS
   E            |   |   |                           |
   F +---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
   T |  x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x  |
     |  x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x   x  |
   E +----------------------------------^---^---^---^-------------------------------^--+
   D                                    |   |   |   |                               |
   G                                   3.3V MOSIMISO|                              GND
   E                                 (VCC)         CLK
     Body of Pi (closest to you)

Now copy the Skulls release tarball over to the Rasperry Pi and continue on the Pi.

We flash at low speeds. Unlocking the bottom chip with its two reads, one write and one verify step usually takes approximately one hour in total.

Hardware Example: CH341A based

The CH341A from Winchiphead, a USB interface chip, is used by some cheap memory programmers. The one we describe can be bought at aliexpress, but it's available elsewhere too. Also, we don't use the included 3,3V power output (provides too little power), but a separate power supply. If you don't have any, consider getting a AMS1117 based supply for a second USB port (like this or this).

Leave the P/S Jumper connected (programmer mode, 1a86:5512 USB device)
Connect 3,3V from your external supply to the Pomona clip's (or hook) VCC
Connect GND from your external supply to GND on your CH341A programmer
Connect your clip or hooks to the rest of the programmer's SPI pins
Connect the programmer (and power supply, if USB) to your PC's USB port

unpack the Skulls release archive

tar -xf skulls-x230-<version>.tar.xz
cd skulls-x230-<version>

ifd unlock and me_cleaner: the 8MB chip

The Intel Management Engine resides on the 8MB chip (at the bottom, closer to you). We don't need to touch it for coreboot-upgrades in the future, but to enable internal flashing, we need to unlock it once, and remove the Management Engine for security reasons:

sudo ./external_install_bottom.sh -m -k <backup-file-to-create>

That's it. Keep the backup safe.

Background (just so you know):

The -m option above also runs me_cleaner -S before flashing back, see me_cleaner.
The -l option will (re-)lock your flash ROM, in case you want to force yourself (and others) to hardware-flashing.
Connecting an ethernet cable as a power-source for SPI (instead of the VCC pin) is not necessary (some other flashing how-to guides mention this). Setting a fixed (and low) SPI speed for flashrom offeres the same stability. Our scripts do this for you.

First, optional step: Flash the bottom chip

It may make sense to start with connecting your clip to the bottom (at the bottom, closer to you) chip (it has the same pinout than the upper chip). You may want to enable in system updates in the future. The advantage is that you can update and change whatever you decide to flash in the upper chip. The disadvantage is that any software can flash you BIOS with this setting. Choose wisely (Heads - see below - may be of use here).

Second, required step: Flash the upper chip

sudo ./external_install_top.sh -k <backup-file-to-create>

Select the image to flash and that's it. Keep the backup safe, assemble and turn on the X230. coreboot will do hardware init and start SeaBIOS.

Updating

Only the "upper" 4MB chip has to be written. You can again flash externally, using external_install_top.sh just like the first time, see above.

Instead you can run the update directly on your X230 using Linux. That's of course very convenient - just install flashrom from your Linux distribution - but according to the flashrom manpage this is very dangerous:

boot Linux with the iomem=relaxed boot parameter (for example in /etc/default/grub GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT)
download the latest Skulls release tarball and unpack it
run sudo ./x230_skulls.sh and choose the image to flash.

Moving to Heads

Heads is an alternative BIOS system with advanced security features. It's more complicated to use though. When having Skulls installed, installing Heads is as easy as updating Skulls. You can directly start using it:

build Heads
boot Linux with the iomem=relaxed boot parameter
copy Heads' 12M image file build/x230/coreboot.rom to Skulls' x230 directory
run sudo ./x230_heads.sh

That's it. Heads is a completely different project. Please read the documentation for how to use it and report bugs over there

Switching back to Skulls is the same as updating. Just run ./x230_skulls.sh.

Why does this work?

On the X230, there are 2 physical "BIOS" chips. The "upper" 4MB one holds the actual bios we can generate using coreboot, and the "lower" 8MB one holds the rest that you can modify yourself once, if you like, but strictly speaking, you don't need to touch it at all. What's this "rest"? Mainly a tiny binary used by the Ethernet card and the Intel Management Engine. Read the coreboot documentation for more details.

how to reproduce the release images

git clone https://github.com/merge/skulls
git checkout <VERSION> for the release you want to build
cd skulls/x230
./build.sh and choose the configuration you want to build

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